The Bath Profile:
An International
Z39.50 Specification
for Library Applications and Resource Discovery
Draft for
Public Comment
Developed by
The Bath Group
(Participants at the Bath, UK Meeting, August 1999)
Edited by the Bath Profile Editorial Team:
Carrol Lunau, Paul Miller and William E. Moen
October 15, 1999
Submit comments to bath-profile@ukoln.ac.uk, or use the form provided.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction to the Profile
3. Functional Requirements
3.1. Basic
Bibliographic Search and Retrieval
3.1.1. Basic Bibliographic Search
3.1.2. Browsing Indexes
3.1.3. Basic Bibliographic Retrieval
3.2.
Bibliographic Holdings Search and Retrieval
3.3.
Cross-Domain Search and Retrieval
4. Z39.50 Specifications
4.1. Protocol Version
4.2. Z39.50 Objects
4.3. Z39.50 Services
4.3.1. Init
4.3.2. Search: Query Type and Attribute Sets
4.3.3. Retrieval: Record Syntaxes
4.4. Diagnostic Messages
5. Conformance
5.A.
Functional Area A: Basic Bibliographic Search and Retrieval, with Primary Focus on Library
Catalogues
5.A.0. Functional Area A:
Level 0 Basic Bibliographic Search and Retrieval
5.A.0.1. Author Search -- Precision Match for Established Name Heading
5.A.0.2. Title Search -- Keyword
5.A.0.3. Subject Search
-- Keyword
5.A.0 4. Any Search --
Keyword
5.A.1. Functional Area A: Level 1 Basic Bibliographic Search and
Retrieval
5.A.1.1. Author
Search -- Keyword
5.A.1.2. Author
Search -- Keyword with Right Truncation
5.A.1.3. Author Search -- Exact Match
5.A.1.4. Title
Search -- Keyword with Right Truncation
5.A.1.5. Title Search --
Exact Match
5.A.1.6. Title
Search-- First Words in Field
5.A.1.7. Title
Search-- First Characters in Field
5.A.1.8. Subject
Search -- Keyword with Right Truncation
5.A.1.9. Subject Search
-- Exact Match
5.A.1.10.
Subject Search -- First Words in Field
5.A.1.11.
Subject Search -- First Characters in Field
5.A.1.12. Any
Search -- Keyword with Right Truncation
5.A.1.13. Standard
Identifier Search
5.A.1.14. Date of Publication Search
5.A.1.SCAN. Functional Area A:
Level 1 Use of SCAN
5.A.1.SCAN.1. Author -- Exact Match
5.A.1.SCAN.2. Title -- Exact
Match
5.A.1.SCAN.3. Title -- Keyword
5.A.1.SCAN.4. Subject -- Exact
Match
5.A.1.SCAN.5. Subject -- Keyword
5.A.1.SCAN.6. Any -- Keyword
5.A.2. Functional Area A: Bibliographic Level 2 Search and
Retrieval
5.B.
Functional Area B: Bibliographic Holdings Search and
Retrieval
5.B.0.
Functional Area B: Level 0 Bibliographic Holdings Search and Retrieval
5.B.1.
Functional Area B: Level 1 Bibliographic Holdings Search and Retrieval
5.B.2.
Functional Area B: Level 2 Bibliographic Holdings Search and Retrieval
5.C. Functional Area C:
Cross-Domain Search and Retrieval
5.C.0.
Functional Area C: Level 0 Cross-Domain Search and Retrieval
5.C.0.1. Creator Search
-- Keyword
5.C.0.2. Title Search -- Keyword
5.C.0.3.
Subject Search -- Keyword
5.C.0.4. Any
Search -- Keyword
5.C.1.
Functional Area C: Level 1 Cross-Domain Search and Retrieval
5.C.1.1. Creator
Search -- Keyword with Right Truncation
5.C.1.2. Title
Search -- Keyword with Right Truncation
5.C.1.3. Title Search --
Unanchored Phrase
5.C.1.4. Subject
Search -- Keyword with Right Truncation
5.C.1.5. Subject Search
-- Unanchored Phrase
5.C.1.6. Any
Search --Keyword with Right Truncation
5.C.1.7. Any Search --
Unanchored Phrase
5.C.1.8. Standard Identifier
Search
5.C.1.9. Date of Publication Search
5.C.2.
Functional Area C: Level 2 Cross-Domain Search and Retrieval
Appendix A: Use of New Attribute
Sets for Expressing Selected Searches (draft)
Appendix
B: Diagnostics: Suggested User Display and Message Logging Using bib-1 Diagnostic Set (draft)
Appendix C: Examples of Using
Truncation and Completion (draft)
Appendix
D: eXtensible Markup Language (XML) Document Type Definition for Dublin Core Simple
(draft)
Appendix
E: Creating a Search from Scan Results (draft)
This document reflects several years of implementing and profiling Z39.50 specification directed at solving basic interoperability issues when searching library catalogues. In August 1999, a group of people met in Bath, England to work out solutions that would improve semantic interoperability between Z39.50 systems used in library applications. The participants represented various initiatives, projects, and interests, and key Z39.50 profiling efforts of the past several years. They also shared a common goal of developing an international specification for Z39.50 to be used in library applications. The Bath Profile is the result of those deliberations.
The following people attended the Bath Meeting:
The meeting was supported by funding from the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) of the Higher Education Funding Councils for England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Paul Miller organized the Bath Meeting and Carrol Lunau chaired the three-day meeting. William Moen currently serves as Editor of the Bath Profile.
1. Introduction to the Profile
This document identifies a subset of specifications from the Z39.50 Information Retrieval Protocol (ANSI/NISO Z39.50/ISO 23950) for use in Z39.50 client and server software. Conformance to this profile's specifications will improve international or extranational search and retrieval among library catalogues, union catalogues, and other electronic resource discovery services worldwide. The profile will evolve as the environment and the standard change, and is intended to facilitate global resource sharing. However, a primary goal of the Bath Group was to publish the first release of the profile as quickly as possible rather than waiting for the complete definition of all specifications before the initial release.
This profile builds upon the experience of other profiling efforts addressing interoperability for library catalogue searching and the development of virtual union catalogues. In particular, the following efforts informed the profile:
An earlier document by Carrol Lunau and Joe Zeeman, Z39.50 Basic Searching of Bibliographic Systems: A Discussion Document, outlined the issues and need for an international profile for searching library catalogues.
The structure of the profile is modular and allows the future specification for separate but compatible functional requirements involving a range of applications useful to librarians and library users. The profile is structured into Functional Areas in which similar functional requirements, Z39.50 specifications, and levels of conformance are grouped. Z-clients and Z-servers may claim conformance to the profile at one or more Conformance Levels within one or more Functional Areas.
This release of the profile defines three Functional Areas:
Other functional areas may be defined in future releases of this profile such as a functional area for union catalogue updating and a functional area for item order and document delivery.
In addition, Conformance Levels are specified separately for each Functional Areas, but generally:
Each Conformance Level defines required Z39.50 client and server specifications and behavior.
The purpose of the Bath Profile is to identify those features of the Z39.50 standard that are required to allow effective use of Z39.50 software in a range of library applications, including search and retrieval of bibliographic data from library catalogues; transfer of holdings information; cross-domain searches between libraries, museums and archives; updating union catalogues; item ordering and document delivery.
Implementation of this profile by systems developers will improve system and semantic interoperability among diverse systems and improve search and retrieval results within specific Functional Areas.
The usefulness of the profile is twofold. First, it is intended to define a core set of functionality and Z39.50 specifications to enable international or extranational search and retrieval, especially when a Z-client does not have detailed information about one or more Z-servers. Second, the profile specifications provide the foundation for reliable interoperability between Z-clients and Z-servers outside of the primary jurisdiction of regional, national, state, local, and project groups when their individual profiles incorporate the Bath Profile specifications. The core functionality and specifications defined in this profile are intended to serve as a true subset of regional, national, state, local, or project profiles.
Information retrieval is not an end unto itself but rather one step within a larger activity such as interlibrary loan, cataloguing, reference, acquisitions or catalogue updating. For this reason, the profile will be developed incrementally to incorporate richer functionality that can address additional library applications.
The primary goal of the profile is to increase the semantic and technical interoperability between disparate systems so that end-users can use Z-clients to search catalogues and be confident that they have retrieved valid result sets.
A key component of this profile is the characterization of the types of searching required by librarians and library users. To this end, the profile defines specific searches and how the semantics of those searches are to be expressed in the vocabulary of Z39.50. The profile does not prescribe local indexing decision or practices, however, semantic interoperability may be threatened by local indexing decisions that serve local needs. Because the profile defines a core set of searches desired by users, implementors may use these searches to guide local indexing decisions.
It is anticipated that subsequent releases of the profile may incorporate, but not necessarily be limited to, the addition of the following functions:
This section identifies the functional requirements informing the Z39.50 specifications in this release. These requirements focus on search and retrieval between library catalogues, the search and retrieval of bibliographic holdings information, and cross-domain search and retrieval for resource discovery. The requirements detailed in the sections below comprise three Functional Areas:
Section 5, Conformance, details each Functional Area and Conformance Level specifications.
3.1. Basic Bibliographic Search and Retrieval
Library users conduct a variety of search and retrieval transactions. The functional requirements for basic bibliographic search and retrieval include the delineation of a limited number of core searches, the browsing of indexes, and the appropriate retrieval mechanisms needed by library users when interacting with library catalogues and other electronic resources discovery services.
3.1.1. Basic Bibliographic Search
Librarians and library users engage in a wide range of searching behaviors. Agreements on a core set of bibliographic searches have evolved through various Z39.50 profiling efforts:
Given these basic bibliographic search behaviors, Section 5.A. Functional Area A: Basic Bibliographic Search and Retrieval, with Primary Focus on Library Catalogues, details two levels of searching.
Level 0 can be considered a set of core searches with a general focus on recall rather than precision. Level 0 searches provide basic functionality for common author, title, subject searches. Level 0 searches are likely to be available in existing implementations.
Level 1 inherits all Level 0 searches and defines additional searches to provide for more precision in search and retrieval. Implementors are encouraged to provide Level 1 searches. For each of the searches defined in Level 0 or Level 1, a description of expected server behavior is provided.
Librarians and library users often use a browse function on a local system to identify appropriate search terms to use in a query. Browse-based searching can assist users in improving their selection of search terms for the query. This is a useful feature, often used in conjunction with known-item searching. Such browse-based searching can be seen as an alternative searching strategy for some search requirements listed in 3.1.1. Browsing indexes is a requirement for Z39.50 implementations and can be achieved through the Z39.50 Scan service, and this requirement is addressed in Level 1.
3.1.3. Basic Bibliographic Retrieval
This profile addresses retrieval of bibliographic and holdings records from library catalogues. Retrieval of bibliographic records given the existence of national MARC formats presents interoperability challenges. Z-servers must support the retrieval of brief and/or full forms of bibliographic records in an internationally accepted MARC format as well as in plain text format to provide basic retrieval interoperability. The profile assumes that regional, national, state, local or project companion profiles to this international profile may specify additional requirements such as a preferred MARC format when retrieving records from MARC databases within a specific region, country, state, locality, or project. Support for MARC21, UNIMARC, and plain text formats as specified in this profile will provide a basis for international interoperability.
* Note: USMARC has been superseded by MARC21; the Z39.50 Object Identifier (OID) for USMARC will now be used to reference MARC21.
3.2. Bibliographic Holdings Search and Retrieval
Identifying which collections contain certain information resources is a key factor in creating an infrastructure for resource sharing among libraries. Librarians require holdings information for resource sharing, and library users need holdings information for knowing where to go to use or borrow a resource. The holdings information should provide sufficient identification and description of an item to give the user adequate information to make a decisions about requesting or retrieving the item.
Search and retrieval of bibliographic holdings information requires the use of the Holdings Attribute Set, the Generic Record Syntax (GRS-1), and the recently completed Holdings Schema.
3.3. Cross-Domain Search and Retrieval
Librarians and library users desire integrated access to distributed resources, often in conjunction with resource discovery where searches are across many types of information resources. There is a requirement for effective cross-domain searching of diverse resources including library catalogues, government information, museum systems, and archives. A user may desire to send a single search to one or more these resources. For example, a user within a library might desire to search the local catalogue plus one or more museum systems and an archive to find information related to a specific artist. A library Z-client configured to do cross-domain searching could send out queries to Z39.50 accessible museum and archive systems configured to support cross-domain searching. Similarly, a museum curator could use a museum Z-client configured to support cross-domain searching to search the local museum system, one or more other museum systems, one or more library catalogues, and government resources that are Z39.50 accessible and configured to support cross-domain searching.
Interoperability in the retrieval of such resources require standard record syntaxes. This requirement can be accommodated through the Z39.50 Simple Unstructured Text Record Syntax (SUTRS) and the eXtensible Markup Language (XML).
This profile assumes that searching cross-domain searching behavior is similar to searching behavior defined for basic bibliographic searching. Therefore, the basic bibliographic searches defined in Level 0 are required for cross-domain Level 0 searches. Cross-domain Level 1 searching has some overlap with the basic bibliographic Level 1 searches but has fewer requirements for precision searches and requires more support for unanchored phrase searching.
This section summarizes the general Z39.50 specifications to address the functional requirements identified in Section 3.
The profile requires Version 2 or Version 3 of Z39.50-1995, depending on Functional Area and Conformance Level. All implementations are encouraged to use Version 3, but in the near term, conformance to certain specifications prescribed by this profile is available to Version 2 implementations.
The profile uses a number of Z39.50 registered objects. The following table summarizes all Z39.50 objects referenced in the three Functional Areas.
Object OID bib-1 attribute set 1.2.840.10003.3.1 holdings attribute set [to be assigned] utility attribute set 1.2.840.10003.3.11 cross domain attribute set 1.2.840.10003.3.12 bib-1 diagnostic set 1.2.840.10003.4.1 holdings schema 1.2.840.10003.13.7 eSpec-q 1.2.840.10003.11.3 UNIMARC record syntax 1.2.840.10003.5.1 MARC21 record syntax 1.2.840.10003.5.10 Simple unstructured records syntax (SUTRS) 1.2.840.10003.5.101 Generic record syntax (GRS-1) 1.2.840.10003.5.105 XML record syntax 1.2.840.10003.5.109.10
Support for these registered objects by Z-clients and Z-servers is specified in Section 5, Conformance. For information on Z39.50 registered objects, see the Z39.50 Maintenance Agency's Z39.50 Registry of Object Identifiers (see also Z39.50 Maintenance Agency).
The profile specifies the use of the following Z39.50 services:
See Section 5, Conformance, for specific requirements related to these Z39.50 services.
No additional services are required for conformance to this profile. Z-clients and Z-servers optionally may use other Z39.50 services. Future releases of the profile may require additional services.
Standard Z39.50 Init Service negotiation procedures control the use of all services.
Z-clients conforming to this profile may use the IDAuthentication parameters to transmit authentication information (e.g., userid and password). Z-servers conforming to this profile may or may not require authentication. The profile specifies no other security requirements. Z-clients may need to know in advance the authentication policy of a given server, and be prepared to provide values for userid and password.
Character Set Negotiation is required for Z-clients and Z-servers for particular Conformance Levels; see Section 5, Conformance.
4.3.2. Search: Query Type and Attribute Sets
The profile requires Z-clients and Z-servers to use Z39.50 Type 1 queries (i.e., general purpose Boolean query structures).
The Result-set-name parameter is required for Z-servers, and Z-servers must be able to retain at least two named results sets for the duration of a session. Exceptional server situations may override the "two named results sets" requirement.
To accommodate the searching requirements for the three Functional Areas, the profile requires Z-clients and Z-servers to use one or more of the following attribute sets:
Object OID bib-1 attribute set 1.2.840.10003.3.1 holdings attribute set [to be assigned] utility attribute set 1.2.840.10003.3.11 cross domain attribute set 1.2.840.10003.3.12
Conformant Z-clients and Z-servers will support Attribute types and values according to Section 5. Conformance. "Support" in this context means:
This implies that all implementations conforming to this profile must have search capabilities for attribute types and values listed in each Functional Area and Conformance Level for which conformance is claimed (see Section 5, Conformance). Z-clients and Z-servers may also use attribute types and values from other public or private attribute sets in addition to those required by this profile.
The bib-1 Attribute Set plays a primary role in this profile for both basic bibliographic searching and for cross-domain searching. Semantics for most of the bib-1 attributes specified for support in this profile can be found in Attribute Set bib-1 (Z39.50-1995): Semantics (September 1995). Not all current bib-1 attribute values, however, are defined in that document. New implementations may consider using attribute sets developed within the framework of the new attribute architecture. To begin the migration towards the use of the new attribute sets, some queries defined in this Profile can be expressed by the new attribute sets, and where possible, Appendix A* contains the expression of these queries using the Utility and Cross Domain Attribute Sets.
* Note: Appendix A is under development.
The following table summarizes the bib-1 Attribute Set types and values referenced in the Functional Areas A and C:
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 4, 21, 31, 1003, 1007, 1016 title, subject heading, date of publication, author, identifier-standard, any Relation (2) 1, 3, 5 less than, equal, greater than Position (3) 1, 3 first in field, any position in field Structure (4) 1, 2, 101 phrase, word, normalized Truncation (5) 1, 100 right truncation, do not truncate Completeness (6) 1, 3 incomplete subfield, complete field
The following table summarizes the search types defined for Functional Areas A and C and Levels 0 and 1
Fields Containing One or More Words
Search Type Functional Area A Functional Area C Level 0 Level 1 Level O Level 1 Keyword Title, Subject, Any Author, Title, Subject, Any Author, Title, Subject, Any Author, Title, Subject, Any Keyword with right truncation Author, Title, Subject, Any Author, Title, Subject, Any First characters Title, Subject First words Title, Subject Unanchored normalized name Author Unanchored phrase Author, Title, Subject, Any Exact match Author, Title, Subject
One Word Fields
Search Type Functional Area A Functional Area C Level 0 Level 1 Level O Level 1 Exact match Identifier; Date of Publication Identifier; Date of Publication
The Holdings Attribute Set is used for searches involving holdings information and is detailed in Functional Area B.
4.3.3. Retrieval: Record Syntaxes
For interoperability, Z-clients and Z-servers must support one or more common record syntaxes. Support of a record syntax means that for every record in a result set, the server must be able to deliver the record in a required record syntax. Exceptional server situations may override this required syntax requirement (e.g., database temporarily not available).
For Basic Bibliographic Retrieval (Functional Area A), a combination of MARC21, UNIMARC, and SUTRS is required depending on Conformance Level. Regional, national, state, local, or project companion profiles may specify other Z39.50 registered MARC record syntaxes in addition to those required by this profile.
For retrieval of bibliographic holdings information (Functional Area B), Generic Record Syntax (GRS-1) is required. Use of GRS-1 for bibliographic holdings information requires the use of a Z39.50 Schema. The Z39.50 Holdings Schema is required.
For retrieval of information resources in the context of resource discovery and cross-domain searching (Functional Area C), SUTRS and XML are required record syntaxes. Use of XML may include the use of a Document Type Definition (DTD). Appendix D contains the XML DTD for Dublin Core Simple metadata records. This DTD is required.
See Section 5, Conformance for specific requirements regarding record syntaxes for the different Functional Areas and Conformance Levels. Z-clients and Z-servers may other registered Z39.50 record syntaxes in addition to those required by this profile.
The profile requires Diagnostic Set bib-1 and Z-servers will return appropriate diagnostics. To assist implementors in sending the appropriate diagnostic for an error condition, Appendix B* contains a listing of bib-1 Diagnostics to use for specific error conditions. In addition, Z-client are encouraged to provide users with usable and meaningful diagnostic message. To assist implementors, Appendix B also includes suggested wording for diagnostic messages meant to be read by a user.
* Note: Appendix B is under development.
Z-clients and Z-servers may claim conformance to one or more Functional Areas at specific Conformance Levels and be in compliance with this profile. Requirements and specifications for each Functional Area are compatible. While Functional Areas differ in their focal concern, it is likely that conformance to certain Functional Areas may imply conformance to other Functional Areas (i.e., to support a particular Functional Area may require conformance to one or more other Functional Areas).
This section identifies required Z39.50 specifications for Z-clients and Z-servers to claim conformance for each of the Functional Areas at a particular Conformance Level. This release specifies conformance for:
The goals, objectives, and detailed specification of this profile preclude Z-clients and Z-servers from "default" behavior. Z-clients are required to form queries using all attribute types and values listed for specific searches. Z-servers are required to execute the search specified in the query and are not to do more general searches than the one specified in the query (e.g., Z-servers will not execute a Name search if the query specifies an Author search).
5.A. Functional Area A: Basic Bibliographic Search and Retrieval
Functional Area A addresses the requirements of basic search and retrieval among and between electronic resource descriptions with specific focus on bibliographic and related databases of library catalogues. Two Conformance Levels search and retrieval are specified.
Functional Area A uses the following Z39.50 Objects:
Object OID Z-client Z-server bib-1 attribute set 1.2.840.10003.3.1 X X bib-1 diagnostic set 1.2.840.10003.4.1 X X UNIMARC record syntax 1.2.840.10003.5.1 * ** MARC21 record syntax 1.2.840.10003.5.10 * ** SUTRS 1.2.840.10003.5.101 X X
* Z-clients will support either the UNIMARC and/or MARC21 Record Syntaxes depending on Conformance Level.
** Z-servers will support either the UNIMARC and/or MARC21 Record Syntaxes depending on Conformance Level.
Record Syntax "support" means that the Z-server can deliver any record in a result set formatted in a particular record syntax, and a Z-client can receive and process for display or other uses any record formatted in a particular record syntax. For Functional Area A, this means that a Z-client must be able to receive and a Z-server must be able to deliver any record in a result set in SUTRS and either MARC21 or UNIMARC. Z-clients and Z-servers are encouraged to support both MARC syntaxes for exchange of MARC data. Exceptional server situations may override this required syntax requirement (e.g., database temporarily not available).
Default behavior by Z-clients or Z-servers is precluded by this profile. The profile requires that Z-clients formulate queries using all the specified attribute types and values (below), and requires Z-servers to process all of the attribute types (i.e., do not ignore any attribute types or values). Z-servers that do not support specific attribute types and values must return a diagnostic. See Appendix B for appropriate diagnostic to return for specific error conditions. Z-clients and Z-servers may support additional searches that use bib-1 attribute type values not specified in this profile. In those cases, Z-clients should specify in a query all values for all 6 attribute types and Z-servers should be prepared to respond to such a query (no defaults).
A keyword search in this profile is defined as a search that attempts to match the specified character string against a word(s) in the specified fields. A word may be a single alphanumeric character or a string of characters bounded by spaces or characters treated as spaces by the server. Keyword searches are formulated according to the ZIG Clarification #54, Z39.50 Keyword Searching of Bibliographic Systems. However, where the Clarification leaves some attribute values unspecified, this profile specifies values for all attribute types. Keyword searches using more than a single-word search term requires Z-clients to formulate a multi-term keyword query by using a Boolean operator.
This profile does not attempt to specify data elements to be mapped to the required bib-1 use attributes. It recognizes that there may be variations based on local needs. However, it assumes that in library catalogue implementations:
5.A.0. Functional Area A: Level 0 Basic Bibliographic Search and Retrieval
Conformance with Level 0 Searching enables a basic level of author, title, subject, and general keyword (any) searching. Title, subject, and general keyword searches are all based on a keyword approach to assist in high recall. Author searches are based on a phrase (normalized) approach to assist in higher precision for author searches. This conforms with earlier profiling work. In particular, it reflects and replaces the functionality supported by the ATS-1 Profile. (The Z39.50 Maintenance Agency has designated the ATS-1 Profile with the status "Not Currently Maintained".)
Z39.50 Version 2 is required; Z39.50 Version 3 is recommended.
Level 0 Searching requires the ISO Latin-1 character set.
Level 0 Retrieval requires Z-clients and Z-servers support SUTRS and either UNIMARC or MARC21, in conjunction with the use of the ASCII character set.
Level 0 Searching requires the following bib-1 Attributes Types and Values:
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 4, 21, 1003, 1016 title, subject heading, author, any Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 2, 101 word, normalized Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
Combinations of these Attributes Types and Values express the semantics of four Level 0 Searches detailed below:
5.A.0.1. Author Search -- Precision Match for Established Name Heading
Uses: Searches for complete word(s) in order specified in fields that contain a name of a person or entity responsible for a resource. The words as specified may appear anywhere in the field as long as the order is preserved. Makes no assumption about whether the search term is in an authorized or unauthorized form (i.e., makes no attempt to reprocess the term before attempting a match against the specified indexes that contain names in authorized form that may have been established according to cataloging rules such as AACR2 ). Example: the search term "aardt j" will retrieve resources indexed "Aardt, J", "Aardt J.H.A.", and "Van Aardt, J." but not "Aardt, Jan."
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 1003 author Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 101 normalized Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.A.0.2. Title Search -- Keyword
Uses: Searches for complete word(s) in a title of a resource.
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 4 title Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 2 word Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.A.0.3. Subject Search -- Keyword
Uses: Searches for complete word(s) in subject fields in a record.
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Name Use (1) 21 subject heading Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 2 word Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.A.0.4. Any Search -- Keyword
Uses: Searches for complete word(s) in fields that are commonly used as access points (as defined by the server).
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Name Use (1) 1016 any Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 2 word Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.A.1. Functional Area A: Level 1 Basic Bibliographic Search and Retrieval
Level 1 inherits all Level 0 search and retrieval requirements. Conformance with Level 1 Search enables basic and more precise Author, Title, and Subject searching as well as Standard Number and Date of Publication. Level 1 enhances keyword searching by providing truncation of words. To assist in understanding server behavior and results when using the Truncation and Complete Attribute values, see Appendix C, Examples of Using Truncation and Completion.
Z39.50 Version 3 is required.
Level 1 requires Z-clients and Z-servers to recognize Character Set and Language Negotiation. UNICODE (a proper subset of ISO 10646) is the required character set for Level 1 Search and Retrieval. Z-Clients and Z-servers must be able to convert to and from UNICODE and native character sets. Characters are encoded in UTF-8.
Level 1 Retrieval requires:
Level 1 Searching requires the following bib-1 Attributes Types and Values:
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 4, 21, 31, 1003, 1007, 1016 title, subject heading, date of publication, author, identifier-standard, any Relation (2) 1, 3, 5 less than, equal, greater than Position (3) 1, 3 first in field, any position in field Structure (4) 1, 2, 101 phrase, word, normalized Truncation (5) 1, 100 right truncation, do not truncate Completeness (6) 1, 3 incomplete subfield, complete field
Combinations of these Attributes Types and Values express the semantics of fourteen Level 1 Searches detailed below:
Level 1 requires the use of Scan as detailed in Section 5.A.1SCAN, Functional Area A: Level 1 Use of SCAN. Use of Scan is a mechanism to browse indexes for authors, titles, subjects, and keywords when the searcher is not sure of how a term may be indexed in a database. A Scan may be followed by a subsequent search once the appropriate term has been identified.
For the precision title searches described below, search result may show some variance because of the use of an initial article in a query. For example, if a client sends a title search that includes an initial article, the results may be variable depending, for example, on the language of the work for which the title is being searched or the indexing practice of the target database.
5.A.1.1. Author Search -- Keyword
Uses: Searches for complete word(s) in fields that contain the name of a person or entity responsible for a resource.
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 1003 author Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 2 word Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.A.1.2. Author Search -- Keyword with Right Truncation
Uses: Searches for complete word(s) beginning with the specified character string in fields that contain the name of a person or entity responsible for a resource.
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 1003 author Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 2 word Truncation (5) 1 right truncation Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.A.1.3. Author Search -- Exact Match
Uses: Searches for the complete string as specified in fields that contain a name of a person or entity responsible for a resource. This search is needed to conduct a follow-up search when the user selects terms from an author index (e.g., from a Scan).
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 1003 author Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 1 any position in field Structure (4) 1 phrase Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 3 complete field
5.A.1.4. Title Search -- Keyword with Right Truncation
Uses: Searches for complete word(s) beginning with the specified character string in fields that contain a title of a resource.
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 4 title Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 2 word Truncation (5) 1 right truncation Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.A.1.5. Title Search -- Exact Match
Uses: Searches in fields that contain a title of a resource for an exact match on the complete string as specified. This search is useful for one or two word titles, often serials, where a less precise search may retrieve a very large result set. This search is also needed to conduct a follow-up search when the user selects terms from a full title index (e.g., from a Scan).
Note: The exact match title search may result in zero results if the server indexes an entire field including the statement of responsibility (i.e., information about the person(s) or entities responsible for the intellectual creation of the resource).
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 4 title Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 1 first in field Structure (4) 1 phrase Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 3 complete field
5.A.1.6. Title Search-- First Words in Field
Uses: Searches for complete word(s) in the order specified in fields that contain a title of a resource. The field must begin with the specified character string. This search is useful when the beginning words in a title are known to the user.
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 4 title Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 1 first in field Structure (4) 1 phrase Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.A.1.7. Title Search-- First Characters in Field
Uses: Searches for the specified character string in fields that contain a title of a resource. The field must begin with the specified character string. This search is useful when the beginning words in a title are known to the user but the users is not sure of the form or spelling of a particular word. For example, 'cat behav' will retrieve resources with titles beginning 'cat behavior' or 'cat behaviour'.
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 4 title Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 1 first in field Structure (4) 1 phrase Truncation (5) 1 right truncation Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.A.1.8. Subject Search -- Keyword with Right Truncation
Uses: Searches for complete word(s) beginning with the specified character string in subject fields of a record.
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Name Use (1) 21 subject heading Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 2 word Truncation (5) 1 right truncation Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.A.1.9. Subject Search -- Exact Match
Uses: Searches in subject fields for the complete string as specified. This search is useful for limiting searches to a precise subject, especially where fields contain subheadings. This search is needed to conduct a follow-up search when the user selects terms from a subject heading index (e.g., from a Scan).
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 21 subject heading Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 1 first in field Structure (4) 1 phrase Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 3 complete field
5.A.1.10. Subject Search -- First Words in Field
Uses: Searches for complete word(s) in the order specified in subject fields. The field must begin with the specified character string. This search is useful when the searcher knows the main subject heading but not sub-headings.
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 21 subject heading Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 1 first in field Structure (4) 1 phrase Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.A.1.11. Subject Search -- First Words in Field
Uses: Searches for the specified character string in subject fields. The field must begin with the specified character string. This search is useful when the searcher wants to retrieve all headings beginning with a common stem. For example, 'catalog' will retrieve resources on 'cataloging', 'catalog cards', 'catalog use', etc.
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 21 subject heading Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 1 first in field Structure (4) 1 phrase Truncation (5) 1 right truncation Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.A.1.12. Any Search -- Keyword with Right Truncation
Uses: Searches for complete word(s) beginning with the specified character string in fields that are commonly used as access points (as defined by the server).
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Name Use (1) 1016 any Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 2 word Truncation (5) 1 right truncation Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.A.1.13. Standard Identifier Search
Uses: Searches standard identifiers such as ISBN, ISSN, Music Standard numbers, CODEN, Superintendent of Documents Item Number, etc., but does not identify a specific standard number scheme.
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 1007 identifier-standard Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 1 first in field Structure (4) 2 word Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 3 complete field
5.A.1.14. Date of Publication Search
Uses: Searches for the year in which a resource is published.
The Date of Publication Use attribute must be used as a search limiter in conjunction with another operand (i.e., used to limit a search using other Use attribute values). Z-servers may reject a query that only includes the Date of Publication Use attribute.
Attribute Type Attribute Value Attribute Name Use (1) 31 date of publication Relation (2) 1,3,5 less than, equal, greater than Position (3) 1 first in field Structure (4) 4 year Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 3 complete field
5.A.1SCAN. Functional Area A: Level 1 Use of SCAN
The Z39.50 Scan Service is an effective mechanism for identifying appropriate search terms to be submitted in a query to a single database or server. It is required at Functional Area A: Level 1 Search and Retrieval.
The following requirements apply for Scan:
To maintain parallel with the searches defined in Level 1, six Scans are defined:
Appendix E, Creating a Search from Scan Results provides guidance in using terms found from a Scan in subsequent search.
5.A.1SCAN.1. Author -- Exact Match
Uses: To browse an ordered list of author names.
The termlist for an Author Exact Match Scan is:
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 1003 author Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 1 first in field Structure (4) 101 name normalized Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 3 complete field
5.A.1SCAN.2. Title -- Exact Match
Uses: To browse an ordered list of complete titles.
The termlist for a Title Exact Match Scan is:
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 4 title Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 1 first in field Structure (4) 1 phrase Truncation (5) 1 do not truncate Completeness (6) 3 complete field
Uses: To browse an ordered list of words from title fields
The termlist for a Title Keyword Scan is:
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 4 title Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 2 word Truncation (5) 1 do not truncate Completeness (6) 3 complete field
5.A.1SCAN.4. Subject -- Exact Match
Uses: To browse an ordered list of complete subject terms and headings.
The termlist for a Subject Exact Match Scan is:
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 21 subject Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 1 first in field Structure (4) 1 phrase Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 3 complete field
5.A.1SCAN.5. Subject -- Keyword
Uses: To browse an ordered list of words from subject fields.
The termlist for an Subject Keyword Scan is:
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 21 subject Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 2 word Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 3 complete field
Uses: To browse an ordered list of words from server-defined access points.
The termlist for an Any Keyword Scan is:
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 1016 any Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position n field Structure (4) 1 word Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 3 complete field
5.A.2. Functional Area A: Level 2 Bibliographic Search and Retrieval
This release of the profile does not define a Level 2 for Bibliographic Search and Retrieval.
There are a number of searches, however, that have been identified as potential requirements. The following is a preliminary list of these searches:
Other Level 2 search and retrievals features that could exploit the following Z39.50 services:
5.B. Functional Area B: Bibliographic Holdings Search and Retrieval
[Note: This section is under development pending the finalization of the Holdings Schema by the Z39.50 Implementors Group (ZIG) to be completed by end of October 1999. Upon ratification of the Holdings Schema by the ZIG, the profile will specify Functional Area B in more detail.]
Functional Area B addresses the requirements for requesting and delivering bibliographic holdings information.
Functional Area B uses the following Z39.50 objects
Object OID Z-client Z-server holdings attribute set [to be assigned] X X bib-1 diagnostic set 1.2.840.10003.4.1 X X holdings schema 1.2.840.10003.13.7 X X eSpec-q 1.2.840.10003.11.3 X X generic record syntax (GRS-1) 1.2.840.10003.5.105 X X
5.B.0. Functional Area B: Level 0 Bibliographic Holdings Search and Retrieval
For parallelism with other Functional Areas that define a Level 0 conformance, a Level 0 for exchanging bibliographic holdings information is provided for current implementations that do provide holdings information (e.g., embedded in bibliographic records). No other specifications are prescribed.
5.B.1. Functional Area B: Level 1 Bibliographic Holdings Search and Retrieval
Level 1* conformance requires support of the the Holdings Attribute Set, Holdings Schema, GRS-1, and Z39.50 Version 3. Two Element Set Names are defined for use at Level 1:
*To be developed.
5.B.2. Functional Area B: Level 2 Bibliographic Holdings Search and Retrieval
Level 2* conformance inherits all Level 1 specifications, and requires support for additional element set names.
*To be developed.
5.C. Functional Area C: Cross-Domain Search and Retrieval
Functional Area C addresses the requirements for effective cross-domain searching of networked resources including library catalogues, government information, museum systems, and archives. Three Conformance Levels are identified (0,1,2). Functional Area C exploits searches defined in Section 5.A.0. Functional Area A: Level 0 Search and Retrieval and Section 5.A.1. Functional Area A: Level 1 Search and Retrieval to enable early adoption of a cross-domain searching approach. Conformance Levels 0 and 1 requires the use of the bib-1 Attribute Set. Conformance Level 2 requires the use of the new Z39.50 attribute architecture's Utility Attribute Set and the Cross-Domain Attribute Set .
To address retrieval requirements in a cross-domain context, Level 0 requires SUTRS for basic data interchange, Levels 1 and 2 require the use of XML record syntax along with a Document Type Definition (DTD) for Dublin Core Simple. Retrieval records will be cast in the 15 basic Dublin Core metadata elements, marked up in XML using the DTD found in Appendix D, eXtensible Markup Language (XML) Document Type Definition for Dublin Core Simple.
The Dublin Core Element Set (http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1) is widely recognized as a means of achieving basic interoperability between resource descriptions from a variety of domains. Used in conjunction with Z39.50, the fifteen Dublin Core elements are currently represented as bib-1 Use attributes. See also Appendix A, which illustrates the use of new Z39.50 attribute sets developed under the framework of the approved Attribute Architecture to express Level 2 Cross-Domain searches.
Functional Area C utilizes the following Z39.50 Objects:
Object OID Z-client Z-server bib-1 attribute set 1.2.840.10003.3.1 X X bib-1 diagnostic set 1.2.840.10003.4.1 X X utility attribute set 1.2.840.10003.3.11 X X cross-domain attribute set 1.2.840.10003.3.12 X X SUTRS record syntax 1.2.840.10003.5.101 X X XML record syntax 1.2.840.10003.5.109.10 X X
Record Syntax "support" means that the Z-server can deliver any record in a result set formatted in a particular record syntax and a Z-client can receive and process for display or other uses any record formatted in a particular record syntax. Exceptional server situations may override this required syntax requirement (e.g., database temporarily not available).
This profile does not attempt to specify the data elements to be mapped to the required bib-1 Use attributes. It recognizes that there may be variations based on local metadata sets and needs. However, implementors that have already mapped their local metadata sets (including MARC) to Dublin Core (DC) Simple elements should base their Use Attributes on the following equivalencies:
5.C.0. Functional Area C: Level 0 Cross-Domain Search and Retrieval
Level 0 Search enables basic cross-domain searching on Creator, Title, and Subject.
Version 2 is required, Version 3 is recommended.
Level 0 Retrieval requires support of SUTRS.
Level 0 Searching requires support of the following bib-1 Attributes Types and Values:
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 4, 21, 1003, 1016 title, subject heading, author, any Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 2, 101 word, normalized Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
Combinations of these Attributes Types and Values express the semantics of four Level 0 Searches detailed below:
These four searches use the same attribute combinations as the searches defined in Section 5.A.0. Functional Area A: Level 0 Search and Retrieval, however, the names and uses of the searches reflect a more generic approach (i.e., not oriented to library data) and semantics related to the Dublin Core Element Set.
5.C.0.1. Creator Search -- Keyword
Uses: Searches for complete word(s) in fields that contain names of a people or entities responsible for making the content of a resource.
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 1003 author Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 101 normalized Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.C.0.2. Title Search -- Keyword
Uses: Searches for complete word(s) in fields that contain titles (i.e., name given to a resource).
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 4 title Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 2 word Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.C.0.3. Subject Search -- Keyword
Uses: Searches for complete word(s) in fields that contain subject information (i.e., topic of the content of the resource).
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Name Use (1) 21 subject heading Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 2 word Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.C.0.4. Any Search -- Keyword
Uses: Searches for complete word(s) in fields that are commonly used as access points (as defined by the server).
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Name Use (1) 1016 any Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 2 word Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.C.1. Functional Area C: Level 1 Cross-Domain Search and Retrieval
Level 1 inherits all Level 0 search and retrieval requirements. Level 1 enhances keyword searching by providing truncation of words and unanchored phrase searching.
Z39.50 Version 3 is required.
Level 1 Retrieval requires two record syntaxes: SUTRS and the Extensible Markup Language (XML) Record Syntax. For XML, the use of the Document Type Definition (DTD) for Dublin Core Simple (see Appendix D) is required. Retrieval records are structured in Dublin Core Metadata Elements.
Level 1 Searching requires support of the following bib-1 Attributes Types and Values:
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 4, 21, 31, 1003, 1007, 1016 title, subject heading, date of publication, author, identifier-standard, any Relation (2) 1, 3, 5 less than, equal, greater than Position (3) 1, 3 first in field, any position in field Structure (4) 1, 2, 101 phrase, word, normalized Truncation (5) 1, 100 right truncation, do not truncate Completeness (6) 1, 3 incomplete subfield, complete field
Combinations of these Attributes Types and Values express the semantics of nine Level 1 Searches detailed below:
5.C.1.1. Creator Search -- Keyword with Right Truncation
Uses: Searches for complete word(s) beginning with the specified character string in fields that contain names of people or entities responsible for a resource.
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 1003 author Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 2 word Truncation (5) 1 right truncation Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.C.1.2. Title Search -- Keyword with Right Truncation
Uses: Searches for complete word(s) beginning with the specified character string in fields that contain titles (i.e., name given to a resource).
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 4 title Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 2 word Truncation (5) 1 right truncation Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.C.1.3. Title Search-- Unanchored Phrase
Uses: Searches for the specified phrase in fields that contain titles (i.e., name given to a resource).
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 4 title Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 1 phrase Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.C.1.4. Subject Search -- Keyword with Right Truncation
Uses: Searches for complete word(s) beginning with the specified character string in fields that contain subject information (i.e., topic of the content of the resource).
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Name Use (1) 21 subject heading Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 2 word Truncation (5) 1 right truncation Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.C.1.5. Subject Search -- Unanchored Phrase
Uses: Searches for the specified phrase in fields that contain subject information (i.e., topic of the content of the resource).
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 21 subject heading Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 1 any position in field Structure (4) 1 phrase Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.C.1.6. Any Search -- Keyword with Right Truncation
Uses: Searches for complete word(s) beginning with the specified character string in fields that are commonly used as access points (as defined by the server).
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Name Use (1) 1016 any Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 2 word Truncation (5) 1 right truncation Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.C.1.7. Any Search -- Unanchored Phrase
Uses: Searches for the specified phrase in fields that are commonly used as access points (as defined by the server).
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Name Use (1) 1016 any Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 3 any position in field Structure (4) 2 word Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 1 incomplete subfield
5.C.1.8. Standard Identifier Search
Uses: Searches standard identifiers such as ISBN, ISSN, Music Standard numbers, CODEN, Superintendent of Documents Item Number, etc., but does not identify a specific standard number scheme.
Attribute Type Attribute Values Attribute Names Use (1) 1007 identifier-standard Relation (2) 3 equal Position (3) 1 first in field Structure (4) 2 word Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 3 complete field
5.C.1.9. Date of Publication Search
Uses: Searches for the year in which a resource is published.
The Date of Publication Use attribute must be used as a search limiter in conjunction with another operand (i.e., used to limit a search using other Use attribute values). Z-servers may reject a query that only includes the Date of Publication Use attribute.
Attribute Type Attribute Value Attribute Name Use (1) 31 date of publication Relation (2) 1,3,5 less than, equal, greater than Position (3) 1 first in field Structure (4) 4 year Truncation (5) 100 do not truncate Completeness (6) 3 complete field
5.C.2. Functional Area C: Level 2 Cross-Domain Search and Retrieval
This release of the profile does not define a Level 2 for Cross-Domain Search and Retrieval.
In a future release, Level 2 will be defined and will require support the Cross-Domain and Utility Attribute Sets.
Retrieval records use XML as the record syntax and the DTD for Dublin Core Simple.
Use of the Scan service may be specified for Level 2.
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Z39.50 Maintenance Agency. Available: <http://lcweb.loc.gov/z3950/agency>.
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Z39.50 Maintenance Agency. (1998, June). bib-1 Attribute Set Available: <http://lcweb.loc.gov/z3950/agency/defns/bib1.html>.
Z39.50 Maintenance Agency. (1998, November). Character Set and Language Negotiation (2). <http://lcweb.loc.gov/z3950/agency/defns/charsets.html>.
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